More Christmas Lights

You're probably thinking, what if Santa comes down the chimney, or through the plastic pipe leading to the furnace, survives and sees my Christmas tree, with the lights and garlands not exactly in the right place? Will he leave me a lump of coal, or just leave? But Christmas is for everyone, even the fastidious. What you need is a way to space the strings of lights evenly, vertically. This means that as you move from the bottom of the tree toward the top, the circumference of the tree gets smaller and so the slope of the string of lights must become steeper while the vertical distance between strings stays constant. The slope is the vertical distance divided by the circumference, which gets smaller, proportional to distance from the top. By having a uniform vertical distance between strings of lights, you have room to fill in the gaps evenly with garlands, ornaments, or simply to ensure that Santa is not offended.

The slope at any particular point along the path of the string of lights is m=dy/dx. The infinitesimal length of the path is dl= dx2+ dy2. Assuming the lights on a tree are on the lateral surface of a right circular cone, for a point along the path of a string of lights, the y direction is along a line that includes the apex of the cone and the x direction is perpendicular, along the circumference of a circle parallel to the base. Let D represent the slant height of the cone. Let y be a distance from the apex, in the range 0 to D. Let M be the slope at the base of the cone and let R be the radius of the base. In order to have a constant distance between turns of lights along the path, the slope, m, must vary with the circumference of the circle, 2πr, where r=Ry/D, the radius of the circle and a linear function of the distance from the apex. The denominator of the slope represents the x direction and must vary linearly with y, therefore 1m= 1MyD and so dx= dyM yD and finally dl= dyMD y2+ M2D2. Integrating this to get the length, l, of the path of lights from the apex of the cone, occupying the lateral surface of a subcone with slant height, d: l= 1MD 0d M2D2+ y2dy
l=D2 [ dD M2+ (dD)2 M+M ln( dD+ M2+ (dD)2 M ) ]

This last equation could be written more tidily but here illustrates that d only appears in the form d/D, a proportion of slant height. Also l is not wanted in terms of the other variables, but is used to find the others. Numeric approximations will be found. The equation will be used in two ways:
  1. Let l=L, the total length of the string of lights and let d=D, the total distance down the cone. Find M, the slope at the base of the cone.
  2. Let l be the length of the string of lights to a particular light. With D given and having found M, find d, repeating to find d for l of each light.
This gives the distance, d, from the top of the tree to each light, but not the angle around the tree. Since the whole point was to have the vertical distance constant for each turn of lights around the tree, the angle has to be proportional to distance. At the base of the tree M= dy Rdθ, so at the base, dθ dy= 1RM, where θ is the angle in radians around the tree. The ratio is constant along the cone and gives the conversion factor to get θ for each d. For each turn around the tree, let p be the vertical distance along the surface of the cone, 0p dy=RM 02π dθ, so p=2πRM is the constant pitch between strands of lights. Finally, D/p is the total number of turns around the tree of the entire string of lights, although this number is somewhat meaningless as the path twists to a point at the top of the cone.

Light Locations

Pitch0 feet
Turns0

View from Above